The Presence–Absence Situation and Its Impact on the Assemblage Structure and Interspecific Relations of Pronophilina Butterflies in the Venezuelan Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Assemblage structure and altitudinal patterns of Pronophilina, a species-rich group of Andean butterflies, are compared in El Baho and Monte Zerpa, two closely situated and ecologically similar Andean localities. Their faunas differ only by the absence of Pedaliodes ornata Grose-Smith in El Baho. There are, however, important structural differences between the two Pronophilina assemblages. Whereas there are five co-dominant species in Monte Zerpa, including P. ornata, Pedaliodes minabilis Pyrcz is the only dominant with more than half of all the individuals in the sample in El Baho. The absence of P. ornata in El Baho is investigated from historical, geographic, and ecological perspectives exploring the factors responsible for its possible extinction including climate change, mass dying out of host plants, and competitive exclusion. Although competitive exclusion between P. ornata and P. minabilis is a plausible mechanism, considered that their ecological niches overlap, which suggests a limiting influence on each other’s populations, the object of competition was not identified, and the reason of the absence of P. ornata in El Baho could not be established. The role of spatial interference related to imperfect sexual behavioral isolation is evaluated in maintaining the parapatric altitudinal distributions of three pairs of phenotypically similar and related species of Pedaliodes, Corades, and Lymanopoda

Reconstruction of three-dimensional porous media using generative adversarial neural networks

To evaluate the variability of multi-phase flow properties of porous media at the pore scale, it is necessary to acquire a number of representative samples of the void-solid structure. While modern x-ray computer tomography has made it possible to extract three-dimensional images of the pore space, assessment of the variability in the inherent material properties is often experimentally not feasible. We present a novel method to reconstruct the solid-void structure of porous media by applying a generative neural network that allows an implicit description of the probability distribution represented by three-dimensional image datasets. We show, by using an adversarial learning approach for neural networks, that this method of unsupervised learning is able to generate representative samples of porous media that honor their statistics. We successfully compare measures of pore morphology, such as the Euler characteristic, two-point statistics and directional single-phase permeability of synthetic realizations with the calculated properties of a bead pack, Berea sandstone, and Ketton limestone. Results show that GANs can be used to reconstruct high-resolution three-dimensional images of porous media at different scales that are representative of the morphology of the images used to train the neural network. The fully convolutional nature of the trained neural network allows the generation of large samples while maintaining computational efficiency. Compared to classical stochastic methods of image reconstruction, the implicit representation of the learned data distribution can be stored and reused to generate multiple realizations of the pore structure very rapidly.Comment: 21 pages, 20 figure

Uncovered diversity of a predominantly andean butterfly clade in the brazilian atlantic forest : a revision of the genus praepedaliodes forster (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini)

The genus Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964, the only representative of the mega-diverse mostly Andean Pedaliodes complex lineage in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, is revised. Prior to this study, four species were known, P. phanias (Hewitson, 1862), P. granulata (Butler, 1868), P. amussis (Thieme, 1905) and P. exul (Thieme, 1905). Here, a further six are described, all from SE Brazil, expanding to 10 the number of species in this genus. Lectotypes are designated for P. phanias, P. granulata and P. amussis. The genus is most diverse in the Serra da Mantiqueira (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais) and in the Serra Geral (Paraná, Santa Catarina) with seven species occurring in both ranges. Praepedaliodes phanias is the most widespread species and the only one found in the western part of the Atlantic Forest; only this species and P. duartei Dias, Dolibaina & Pyrcz n. sp. occurring to near sea level. Other species, P. zaccae Dolibaina, Dias & Pyrcz n. sp., P. francinii Freitas & Pyrcz n. sp., P. sequeirae Pyrcz, Dias & Dolbaina n. sp., P. landryi Pyrcz & Freitas n. sp. and P. pawlaki Pyrcz & Boyer n. sp. are strictly montane and the highest species richness is reached at 1400–1800 m. One species, P. sequeirae n. sp., is a narrow endemic found only at timberline in the Agulhas Negras massif above 2300 m. Immature stages are described for two species, P. phanias and P. landryi n. sp. Molecular data (barcode region of cytochrome oxidase, subunit I) and adult morphology, including male and female genitalia, support the genus as monophyletic, belonging to a predominantly Andean clade of the Pedaliodes Butler, 1867 complex. Morphological evidences, in particular female genitalia comparative analysis, indicate the genera Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964 and Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964 as possibly the closest relatives to Praepedaliodes. Molecular data are inconclusive in this respect472211255CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP302585/2011-7, 303834/2015-3; 563332/2010-7; 41143/2009-6; 150542/2013-5; 308247/2013-2; 304639/2014-1Não tem2016/15873-8; 2011/50225-3; 2013/50297-0We would like to express our gratitude the following persons who contributed at different stages in the elaboration of this paper: Alfred Moser (Porto Alegre), Ronaldo Francini (UNISANTOS) and André Tacioli, Junia Y. O. Carreira, Jessie P. Santos and Ana K. Silva (Unicamp) for logistical help in the field, comparison material and hosting Tamara M. C. Aguiar spread most of the adult DNA vouchers and the old material collected by K. S. Brown Jr. The following people helped by sending material and information: Roberto R. Greve (Foz do Iguaçu), Richard Raby (Serra da Bocaina), Augusto H. B. Rosa (Mantiqueira region), Geanne C. N. Pereira (Serra do Cipó) and Keith S. Brown Jr. (several places in SE Brazil). The authors also thank the ICMBio for the permits (#10438-1, #26712-4 and #10802-9), the CNPq by aproving our Scientific Expedition (portaria N° 240, de 11 de março de 2014) and all managers of the Conservation Unities visited during the development of the present study, in special Waldomiro P. Lopes (Parque Nacional do Caparaó), Léo Nascimento (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), Mara P. Pais (Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina), Ingo Grantsau (Paranapiacaba) and Cecilia Cronemberger (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos). EPB thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for a Post-doc fellowship (2016/15873-8). AVLF thanks the CNPq (fellowships 302585/2011-7, 303834/2015-3 and SISBIOTABrasil/CNPq - 563332/2010-7), the National Science Foundation (DEB-1256742), the “Rede Nacional de Identificação Molecular da Biodiversidade - BR-BoL” (MCT/CNPq/FNDCT 50/2010) and the BIOTA-FAPESP Program (2011/50225-3 and 2013/50297-0). Kim Garwood kindly provided the photographs of two species of Praepedaliodes in their natural habitat. Keith Willmott read the manuscript and added several valuable suggestions. Carlos Prieto provided the photograph of the syntype of Praepedaliodes amussis. TWP field work in SE Brazil was supported by MZ/IZ/UJ internal grants. FMSD, DRD, OHHM and MMC thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Edital 15/2014 CAPES/EMBRAPA) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, 141143/2009-6, 150542/2013-5, 308247/2013-2, 304639/2014-1), for the fellowships granted to the author

Lithofacies uncertainty modeling in a siliciclastic reservoir setting by incorporating geological contacts and seismic information

Deterministic modeling lonely provides a unique boundary layout, depending on the geological interpretation or interpolation from the hard available data. Changing the interpreter’s attitude or interpolation parameters leads to displacing the location of these borders. In contrary, probabilistic modeling of geological domains such as lithofacies is a critical aspect to providing information to take proper decision in the case of evaluation of oil reservoirs parameters, that is, applicable for quantification of uncertainty along the boundaries. These stochastic modeling manifests itself dramatically beyond this occasion. Conventional approaches of probabilistic modeling (object and pixel-based) mostly suffers from consideration of contact knowledge on the simulated domains. Plurigaussian simulation algorithm, in contrast, allows reproducing the complex transitions among the lithofacies domains and has found wide acceptance for modeling petroleum reservoirs. Stationary assumption for this framework has implications on the homogeneous characterization of the lithofacies. In this case, the proportion is assumed constant and the covariance function as a typical feature of spatial continuity depends only on the Euclidean distances between two points. But, whenever there exists a heterogeneity phenomenon in the region, this assumption does not urge model to generate the desired variability of the underlying proportion of facies over the domain. Geophysical attributes as a secondary variable in this place, plays an important role for generation of the realistic contact relationship between the simulated categories. In this paper, a hierarchical plurigaussian simulation approach is used to construct multiple realizations of lithofacies by incorporating the acoustic impedance as soft data through an oil reservoir in Iran.This research was funded by the National Elites Foundation of Iran in collaboration with research Institute Petroleum of Industry in Iran under the project number of 9265005

Wpływ stabilizowania lipidów na zachowanie dostępnej lizyny i metioniny w przechowywanej kiełbasie typu "polska surowa"

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of antioxidants on changes in contents of available lysine and methionine in raw Polish sausage. Experimental material consisted of four variants of experimental sausages. One variant consisted of a sample with no antioxidant added (control), while the following were added to the other variants: BHT (0.02%), rosemary ethanol extract (0.05%) and soy protein hydrolysate (2%). Oxidation degree of lipid using peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the Totox index was controlled and content of available lysine and methionine were determined periodically. In order to determine the effect of the addition of antioxidants on the stability of available lysine and methionine, values of the coefficient of the slope of curve of changes in time (coefficient a/24 h) were analyzed along with the half-life period of the amino acids (TIC50). Antioxidants exhibited an inhibitory effect on the advancement of lipid autoxidation reactions and reduced quantitative losses of available lysine and methionine in analyzed sausages. Natural antioxidants exhibited a lower capacity to reduce losses of nutritive value of protein than it was found for BHT.W pracy określono wpływu dodatku przeciwutleniaczy na stabilność dostępnej lizyny i metioniny w kiełbasie typu „polska surowa”, jako istotnych czynników determinujących wartość żywieniową produktów mięsnych. Materiałem badawczym były cztery warianty wędlin doświadczalnych. Jeden wariant stanowiła próba bez dodatku przeciwutleniacza (próba kontrolna), do pozostałych dodano odpowiednio: BHT (0,02%), etanolowy ekstrakt rozmarynu (0,05%) i hydrolizat sojowy (2%). Okresowo oznaczano liczbę nadtlenkową (PV), liczbę anizydynową (AV), zawartość substancji dających reakcję barwną z kwasem 2- tiobarbiturowym (TBARS), indeks Totox oraz zawartość dostępnej lizyny i metioniny. W celu określenia aktywności przeciwutleniającej badanych dodatków wyznaczono współczynniki kierunkowe (Wsp.a/24 h), stanowiące kąt nachylenia krzywej regresji wykreślonej z punktów pomiarowych danego wskaźnika w czasie. Wpływ przeciwutleniaczy na stabilność dostępnej lizyny i metioniny analizowano na podstawie wyznaczonego czasu połowicznego rozpadu aminokwasów (TIC50). Przeciwutleniacze wykazywały hamujący wpływ na postęp reakcji autooksydacji lipidów w badanych wędlinach oraz w istotny sposób zmniejszały straty ilościowe dostępnej lizyny i metioniny. Przeciwutleniacze naturalne wykazywały mniejszą zdolność obniżania strat wartości odżywczej białka niż BHT

Two new species of Manerebia Staudinger from paramo habitat in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera of the Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Pronophilina)

FIGURE 3. Habitat of Manerebia bernito and Manerebia levana. A: M. bernito n. sp. female perched on Chusquea tessellata (Poaceae) plant; B: Habitat of M. bernito n. sp., Sabana El Crisol, Boyacá, 3400m.; C: M. levana female perched on C. tessellata: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.; D: Habitat of M. levana, the Monas paramo near to Guasca-Cundinamarca, 3320m.: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.Published as part of Mahecha-J, Oscar, Triviño, Paola, Andrade-C, M. Gonzalo & Pyrcz, Tomasz W., 2021, Two new species of Manerebia Staudinger from paramo habitat in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera of the Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Pronophilina), pp. 293-302 in Zootaxa 4970 (2) on page 299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/476177